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Ferroportin-1, also known as solute carrier family 40 member 1 (SLC40A1) or iron-regulated transporter 1 (IREG1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC40A1 gene. [5] Ferroportin is a transmembrane protein that transports iron from the inside of a cell to the outside of the cell.
Hepcidin, a protein synthesized in the liver in response to iron or inflammation, is a regulator of ferroportin expression. When hepcidin binds ferroportin, ferroportin is phosphorylated, endocytosed, tagged with ubiquitin, and degraded. [6] [7] More than 39 mutations to the SLC40A1 gene have been identified in patients with type 4 ...
These conditions all produce elevation of interleukin-6, which stimulates hepcidin production and release from the liver. Hepcidin production and release shuts down ferroportin, a protein that controls export of iron from the gut and from iron storing cells (e.g. macrophages). As a consequence, circulating iron levels are reduced.
AIHA is a relatively rare condition, with an incidence of 5–10 cases per 1 million persons per year in the warm-antibody type and 0.45 to 1.9 cases per 1 million persons per year in the cold-antibody type. [4] Autoimmune hemolysis might be a precursor of later onset systemic lupus erythematosus. [5]
With the introduction of commercial beer in urban areas, the condition has decreased. However, the condition is still common in rural areas. [3] Bantu siderosis, is the genetic side of the disorder. Some African people carry a unique ferroportin mutation that predisposes them to iron overload, making it a kind of ferroportin disease.
Iron-deficiency anemia is anemia caused by a lack of iron. [3] Anemia is defined as a decrease in the number of red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. [3] When onset is slow, symptoms are often vague such as feeling tired, weak, short of breath, or having decreased ability to exercise. [1]
The iron that is released from the haemoglobin is either stored internally in ferritin or is released into the circulation via ferroportin. In cases where systemic iron levels are raised, or where inflammation is present, raised levels of hepcidin act on macrophage ferroportin channels, leading to iron remaining within the macrophages.
Antibody testing, such as anti-Hu or collapsing response mediator protein, can aid in the identification of paraneoplastic patients. [ 1 ] One should rule out Guillain-Barré syndrome if the patient exhibits acute or subacute autonomic instability accompanied by weakness , as this condition frequently results in ileus , constipation , and blood ...