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Jackson W. Crawford (born August 28, 1985) is an American scholar, translator and poet who specializes in Old Norse.He previously taught at University of Colorado, Boulder (2017-2020), University of California, Berkeley (2014-17) and University of California, Los Angeles (2011–14). [1]
Translations are from Old and Middle English, Old French, Old Norse, Latin, Arabic, Greek, Persian, Syriac, Ethiopic, Coptic, Armenian, and Hebrew, and most works cited are generally available in the University of Michigan's HathiTrust digital library [1] and OCLC's WorldCat. [2] Anonymous works are presented by topic.
Reconstructed and harmonized in the manner of the period by Jean Beck. The text is in the original Old French with an English translation by John Murray Gibbon (1875–1952), [183] the songs being in modern French. Adam of Saint Victor. Adam of Saint Victor (died 1146) was a French poet and composer of Latin hymns and sequences. [184]
A kenning (Old English kenning [cʰɛnːiŋɡ], Modern Icelandic [cʰɛnːiŋk]) is a circumlocution, an ambiguous or roundabout figure of speech, used instead of an ordinary noun in Old Norse, Old English, and later Icelandic poetry. This list is not intended to be comprehensive. Kennings for a particular character are listed in that character ...
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An additional difficulty is the presence of proper names in Old English and Old Norse. Tolkien chose to use Old English for names and some words of the Rohirrim, for example, "Théoden", King of Rohan: his name is simply a transliteration of Old English þēoden, "king". Similarly, he used Old Norse for "external" names of his Dwarves, such as ...
Based on the description of minimal pairs of words in Old Norse, Einar Haugen proposes one tentative interpretation of the vowel description given by the First Grammatical Treatise. [6] There are potentially 36 vowels in Old Norse, with 9 basic vowel qualities, /i, y, e, ø, ɛ, u, o, ɔ, a/ , which are further distinguished by length and nasality.
*Laguz or *Laukaz is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the l-rune ᛚ, *laguz meaning "water" or "lake" and *laukaz meaning "leek".In the Anglo-Saxon rune poem, it is called lagu "ocean".