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Most dialects of modern English have two close back vowels: the near-close near-back rounded vowel /ʊ/ found in words like foot, and the close back rounded vowel /uː/ (realized as central [ʉː] in many dialects) found in words like goose. The STRUT vowel /ʌ/, which historically was back, is often central [ɐ] as well.
close central protruded vowel [ʉ] close back unrounded vowel [ɯ] close back protruded vowel [u] (IPA letters for rounded vowels are ambiguous as to whether the rounding is protrusion or compression. However, transcription of the world's languages tends to pattern as above.) There also are close vowels that do not have dedicated symbols in the ...
The close back protruded vowel is the most common variant of the close back rounded vowel. It is typically transcribed in IPA simply as u (the convention used in this article). As there is no dedicated IPA diacritic for protrusion, the symbol for the close back rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, ̫ , can be used as an ad hoc ...
The father–bother merger is a merger of the Early Modern English vowels /ɑː/ and /ɒ/ that occurs in almost all varieties of North American English. The lot – cloth split is the result of a late 17th-century sound change that lengthened /ɒ/ to [ɒː] before voiceless fricatives ( off , broth , cost ), voiced velars ( dog , long ) and ...
The near-close back protruded vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ʊ , and that is the convention used in this article. As there is no dedicated diacritic for protrusion in the IPA, symbol for the near-close back rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, ̫ , can be used as an ad hoc symbol ʊ̫ for the near-close back protruded vowel.
In RP, the vowel /əʊ/ may be pronounced more back, as [ɒʊ~ɔʊ], before syllable-final /l/, as in goal. In standard Australian English the vowel /əʉ/ is similarly backed to [ɔʊ] before /l/. A similar phenomenon occurs in Southern American English. [66] The vowel /ə/ is often pronounced [ɐ] in open syllables. [67]
There are two complementary definitions of vowel, one phonetic and the other phonological.. In the phonetic definition, a vowel is a sound, such as the English "ah" / ɑː / or "oh" / oʊ /, produced with an open vocal tract; it is median (the air escapes along the middle of the tongue), oral (at least some of the airflow must escape through the mouth), frictionless and continuant. [4]
The long vowels /eː oː/ from the Great Vowel Shift become diphthongs /eɪ oʊ/ in many varieties of English, though not in Scottish and Northern England English. Voicing of /ʍ/ to /w/ results in the wine – whine merger in most varieties of English, aside from Scottish, Irish , Southern American , and New England English .