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In programming languages (especially functional programming languages) and type theory, an option type or maybe type is a polymorphic type that represents encapsulation of an optional value; e.g., it is used as the return type of functions which may or may not return a meaningful value when they are applied.
In financial economics, contingent claim analysis is widely used as a framework both for developing pricing models, and for extending the theory. [6] Thus, from its origins in option pricing and the valuation of corporate liabilities, [7] it has become a major approach to intertemporal equilibrium under uncertainty.
contingent if it is not necessarily false and not necessarily true (i.e. possible but not necessarily true); impossible if it is not possibly true (i.e. false and necessarily false). In classical modal logic, therefore, the notion of either possibility or necessity may be taken to be basic, where these other notions are defined in terms of it ...
Real options valuation, also often termed real options analysis, [1] (ROV or ROA) applies option valuation techniques to capital budgeting decisions. [2] A real option itself, is the right—but not the obligation—to undertake certain business initiatives, such as deferring, abandoning, expanding, staging, or contracting a capital investment project. [3]
In accounting, contingent liabilities are liabilities that may be incurred by an entity depending on the outcome of an uncertain future event [1] such as the outcome of a pending lawsuit. These liabilities are not recorded in a company's accounts and shown in the balance sheet when both probable and reasonably estimable as 'contingency' or ...
In computer science, futures, promises, delays, and deferreds are constructs used for synchronizing program execution in some concurrent programming languages.Each is an object that acts as a proxy for a result that is initially unknown, usually because the computation of its value is not yet complete.
For example, in user-interface (UI) programming, a routine can set up dialog box fields and pass these, along with a continuation function, to the UI framework. This call returns right away, allowing the application code to continue while the user interacts with the dialog box.
Python sets are very much like mathematical sets, and support operations like set intersection and union. Python also features a frozenset class for immutable sets, see Collection types. Dictionaries (class dict) are mutable mappings tying keys and corresponding values. Python has special syntax to create dictionaries ({key: value})