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In France and Turkey, the emphasis is on the secular nature of the state, and the symbolic nature of the Islamic dress, and bans apply at state institutions (courts, civil service) and in state-funded education (in France, while the law forbidding the veil applies to students attending publicly funded primary schools and high schools, it does not refer to universities; applicable legislation ...
In France, there is an ongoing social, political, and legal debate concerning the wearing of the hijab and other forms of Islamic coverings in public. The cultural framework of the controversy can be traced to France's history of colonization in North Africa, [1] but escalated into a significant public debate in 1989 when three girls were suspended from school for refusing to remove their ...
In 2004, France passed a law banning "symbols or clothes through which students conspicuously display their religious affiliation" (including hijab) in public primary schools, middle schools, and secondary schools, [20] but this law does not concern universities (in French universities, applicable legislation grants students freedom of ...
The students come wearing their uniform and after entering the gate, they remove their hijabs before going inside their classrooms."Authorities have also banned gatherings of more than five people ...
The ruling was widely seen as a victory for Turks who claimed this maintained Turkey's separation of state and religion. In 2013, the headscarf ban in public institutions was lifted through a decree, even though the ban officially stood through court decisions. [52] The ban on wearing hijab in high schools ended in 2014. [53]
However, in September 2023, the government imposed a ban on wearing face-covering garments like the burqa in specific public spaces for security reasons. [60] Additionally, authorities enforced restrictions on wearing beards and hijabs in schools, requiring female students to remove headscarves before entering educational institutions.
For example, in a 2016 Environics poll, a large majority (73%) of Canadian Muslim women reported wearing some sort of head-covering in public (58% wear the hijab, 13% wear the chador and 2% wear the niqab). Wearing a head covering in public had increased since the 2006 survey. [121] Women who wear the Hijab may be called "hijabi".
A painting depicting Austrian Chancellor Sebastian Kurz and Austrian Vice-Chancellor Heinz Christian Strache, in which the hijab is removed from a Muslim girl. Hijabophobia is a type of religious and cultural discrimination against Muslim women who wear the hijab. [1] The discrimination has had manifestations in public, working and educational ...