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Ephedrine works by inducing the release of norepinephrine and hence indirectly activating the α-and β-adrenergic receptors. [11] Chemically, ephedrine is a substituted amphetamine and is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of β-hydroxy-N-methylamphetamine. [14] Ephedrine was first isolated in 1885 and came into commercial use in 1926.
A wide variety of alkaloid and non-alkaloid compounds have been identified in various species of ephedra.Of the six ephedrine-type ingredients found in ephedra (at concentrations of 0.02-3.4%), the most common are ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, [12] which are the sources of its stimulant and thermogenic effects. [3]
[9] [10] Many have found use in traditional or modern medicine, or as starting points for drug discovery. Other alkaloids possess psychotropic (e.g. psilocin) and stimulant activities (e.g. cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, theobromine), [11] and have been used in entheogenic rituals or as recreational drugs.
Fossil cones of Ephedra were found concentrated in the cemetery area, specifically within a human burial. [21] The Ephedra alkaloids, ephedrine and pseudoephedrine – constituents of E. sinica and other members of the genus – have sympathomimetic and decongestant qualities, [22] and have been used as dietary supplements, mainly for weight ...
In the United States, it is illegal to market products containing ephedrine or ephedra alkaloids as a dietary supplement. [1] In 2004, ephedra, a botanical source of ephedrine alkaloids, was banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration due to serious safety concerns, injuries, and deaths linked to ephedra-containing supplements. However ...
Ephedra, found in many Ephedraceae species, is a Chinese and Western herb that contains, among other amphetamines, D-norpseudoephedrine.In the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, which included 18,438 women from 10 states from 1999 to 2003, 1.3% of women reported using ephedra during pregnancy.
"If one particular food has a small amount of heavy metals, eating a lot of that one food can give you a lot of that metal." This article was originally published on Feb. 1, 2023 and has been updated.
It is the primary source of the medicinal preparation ephedra, ... Ephedra (US-specific page on ephedrine-containing dietary supplements, observed (negative) ...