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Palaeography is an essential skill for many historians, semioticians and philologists, as it addresses a suite of interrelated lines of inquiry.First, since the style of an alphabet, grapheme or sign system set within a register in each given dialect and language has evolved constantly, it is necessary to know how to decipher its individual substantive, occurrence make-up and constituency.
Palaeogeography (or paleogeography) is the study of historical geography, generally physical landscapes. [2] Palaeogeography can also include the study of human or cultural environments.
The letter ਸ਼, already in use by the time of the earliest Punjabi grammars produced, along with ਜ਼ and ਲ਼, [49] enabled the previously unmarked distinction of /s/ and the well-established phoneme /ʃ/, which is used even in native echo doublets e.g. rō̆ṭṭī-śō̆ṭṭī "stuff to eat"; the loansounds f, z, x, and ġ as ...
The focus on material is referred to as stricto sensu codicology, while a broader approach, incorporating palaeography, philology, art history, and the history of the book, is referred to as lato sensu codicology, and the exact meaning depends on the codicologist's view. [3]: 7–8, 10
Epigraphy overlaps other competences such as numismatics or palaeography. When compared to books, most inscriptions are short. The media and the forms of the graphemes are diverse: engravings in stone or metal, scratches on rock, impressions in wax, embossing on cast metal, cameo or intaglio on precious stones, painting on ceramic or in fresco.
The meaning of the marks depends on the letter on which they appear. A macron not fully above the character but crossing the descender or ascender: b̵, b̄ – bre-, ber-, -ub c̄ – (with a link on the right) – cum, con, cen-ꝯ̄ – (above) – quondam d̵, d̄ – de-, der, -ud (a crossed d, not ð = eth) h̵, h̄ – haec, hoc, her
The study of book history became an acknowledged academic discipline in the 1980s. Contributions to the field have come from textual scholarship, codicology, bibliography, philology, palaeography, art history, social history and cultural history. It aims to demonstrate that the book as an object, not just the text contained within it, is a ...
العربية; Azərbaycanca; Беларуская; Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български; Boarisch; Català; Чӑвашла; Čeština