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Most importantly, the PI-3K pathway is responsible for the distribution of glucose for important cell functions. For example, the suppression of hepatic glucose synthesis and the activation of glycogen synthesis. Hence, AKT possesses a crucial role in the linkage of the glucose transporter to the insulin signaling pathway. The activated GLUT4 ...
The insulin receptor (IR) is a transmembrane receptor that is activated by insulin, IGF-I, IGF-II and belongs to the large class of receptor tyrosine kinase. [5] Metabolically, the insulin receptor plays a key role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis; a functional process that under degenerate conditions may result in a range of clinical manifestations including diabetes and cancer.
Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) is a signaling adapter protein that in humans is encoded by the IRS1 gene. [5] It is a 180 kDa protein with amino acid sequence of 1242 residues. [ 6 ] It contains a single pleckstrin homology (PH) domain at the N-terminus and a PTB domain ca. 40 residues downstream of this, followed by a poorly conserved C ...
Insulin receptor substrate (IRS) is an important ligand in the insulin response of human cells. IRS-1, for example, is an IRS protein that contains a phosphotyrosine binding-domain . In addition, the insulin receptor contains a NPXY motif. The PTB-domain binds the NPXY sequence. Thus, the insulin receptor binds IRS.
The insulin signal transduction pathway begins when insulin binds to the insulin receptor proteins. Once the transduction pathway is completed, the GLUT-4 storage vesicles becomes one with the cellular membrane. As a result, the GLUT-4 protein channels become embedded into the membrane, allowing glucose to be transported into the cell.
The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) found on beta cells of the pancreas and on neurons of the brain. It is involved in the control of blood sugar level by enhancing insulin secretion. In humans it is synthesised by the gene GLP1R, which is present on chromosome 6.
The Insulin Signaling Pathway; The Sonic hedgehog Signaling Pathway; The Wnt signaling pathway; The JAK-STAT signaling pathway; The Adrenergic receptor Pathways; The Acetylcholine receptor Pathways; The Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade; Conversely, negative cascades include events that are in a circular fashion, or can cause or be ...
PTP1B is a negative regulator of the insulin signaling pathway and is considered a promising potential therapeutic target, in particular for treatment of type 2 diabetes. [6] It has also been implicated in the development of breast cancer and has been explored as a potential therapeutic target in that avenue as well. [7] [8] [9]