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Buffalo, New York and Montreal, Quebec, Canada, specify 6 in 12, a pitch of approximately 26.6 degrees. [3] A flat roof includes pitches as low as 1 ⁄ 2:12 to 2:12 (1 in 24 to 1 in 6), which are barely capable of properly shedding water. Such low-slope roofs (up to 4:12 (1 in 3)) require special materials and techniques to avoid leaks. [4]
T-beams are similar to double tees but can be used for span ranging from 30 feet (9.1 m) to 100 feet (30 m). Joists and planks are combination of using prestressed joists with prestressed planks. Keystone-shape joists can be used for up to 36-foot (11 m) spans and tee-shape joists can be used for up to 60-foot (18 m) span.
Key: 1: queen posts, 2: tie beam, 3: straining beam, 4: principal rafters. A queen post truss has two principal rafters and two vertical queen posts. [5] The queen post truss extends the span, and combined with spliced joints in the longer members extends the useful span for trusses of these types.
[4] Multi-pitched roof: Gable (ridged, dual-pitched, peaked, saddle, pack-saddle, saddleback, [5] span roof [6]): A simple roof design shaped like an inverted V. Cross gabled: The result of joining two or more gabled roof sections together, forming a T or L shape for the simplest forms, or any number of more complex shapes.
A hammer-beam is a form of timber roof truss, allowing a hammerbeam roof to span greater than the length of any individual piece of timber.In place of a normal tie beam spanning the entire width of the roof, short beams – the hammer beams – are supported by curved braces from the wall, and hammer posts or arch-braces are built on top to support the rafters and typically a collar beam.
Pre-manufactured roof trusses come in a wide variety of styles. They are designed by the manufacturer for each specific building. Timber trusses also are built in a variety of styles using wood or metal joints. Heavy timber rafters typically spaced 240 cm (8 ft) to 370 cm (12 ft) apart are called principal rafters.
Sizes vary according to the I-joist's intended load and span. Depths can range from 9 + 1 ⁄ 4 to 24 inches (230–610 mm) and reach up to 80 feet (24 m) in length, although 40 to 42 feet (12–13 m) is more common. The intended use for an I-joist is for floor and roof joists, wall studs, and roof rafters in both residential and commercial ...
The Southern Pacific Railroad bridge in Tempe, Arizona is a 393 meter (1,291 foot) long truss bridge built in 1912. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] The structure, still in use today, consists of nine Pratt truss spans of varying lengths.
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