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  2. Astigmatism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astigmatism

    Mild astigmatism has a higher prevalence than moderate and significant astigmatisms and increased until the age of 70, while moderate and significant astigmatisms showed an increase in prevalence after the age of 70. [33] Of the levels of astigmatism, mild astigmatism is most prevalent, making up about 82% of the total reported astigmatisms. [33]

  3. Jackson cross cylinder - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_cross_cylinder

    The Jackson cross cylinder (JCC) is an instrument used by ophthalmologists, orthoptists and optometrists in their routine eye examination, particularly in determination of corrective lens power in patients with astigmatism. It is also used for testing near point of the eye.

  4. List of instruments used in ophthalmology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_instruments_used...

    to test colour vision ••Ishihara's chart: to determine the type of colour blindness Stenopaeic slit: detection of axis of the cylindrical (astigmatism) power of the eye; glaucoma testing Implants - •Intraocular lens: prosthetic lenses implanted after lens (anatomy) removal •Artificial eyes: as non-functional cosmetic implants into the ...

  5. Humphrey visual field analyser - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Visual_Field_Analyser

    The eye not being tested is patched and the room lights are dimmed prior to commencement of the test. [12] The patient is positioned appropriately and comfortably against the forehead rest and chin rest. Minor adjustments to the head position are made to centre the pupil on the display screen to allow eye monitoring throughout the test.

  6. Subjective refraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_refraction

    An occluder is placed over the eye that is not being tested (e.g.: over the left eye, to test the right eye's vision). A pinhole occluder is then placed before the patient's eye, and their vision is then tested again (each eye separately) to determine if the patient's poor visual acuity is a result of optical irregularities, or pathological issues.

  7. Astigmatism (optical systems) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astigmatism_(optical_systems)

    Astigmatism is quite common. Studies have shown that about one in three people suffers from it. [6] [7] [8] The prevalence of astigmatism increases with age. [9] Although a person may not notice mild astigmatism, higher amounts of astigmatism may cause blurry vision, squinting, asthenopia, fatigue, or headaches. [10] [11] [12]

  8. Amsler grid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsler_grid

    In the test, the person looks with each eye separately at the small dot in the center of the grid. Patients with macular disease may see wavy lines or some lines may be missing. Amsler grids are supplied by ophthalmologists, optometrists or from web sites, and may be used to test one's vision at home. The original Amsler grid was black and white.

  9. Refractive error - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_error

    A distant object is defined as an object located beyond 6 meters (20 feet) from the eye. [citation needed] When an object is located close to the eye, the rays of light from this object no longer approach the eye parallel to each other. Consequently, the eye must increase its refractive power to bring those rays of light together on the retina.

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