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Medical intervention Epidural administration A freshly inserted lumbar epidural catheter. The site has been prepared with tincture of iodine, and the dressing has not yet been applied. Depth markings may be seen along the shaft of the catheter. ICD-9-CM 03.90 MeSH D000767 OPS-301 code 8-910 [edit on Wikidata] Epidural administration (from Ancient Greek ἐπί, "upon" + dura mater) is a method ...
Caudal anaesthesia is a relatively low-risk technique [4] commonly used, either on its own or in combination with sedation or general anaesthesia. [3] [5]Caudal anesthesia may be favored for sub-umbilical region surgeries in the pediatric population, such as inguinal hernia repair, circumcision, hypospadias repair, anal atresia, or to immobilise newborns with hip dysplasia.
Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia in labouring women is associated with more pruritus if fentanyl (25 μg) is given intrathecally, than low-dose epidural analgesia. However, no difference has been found in the incidence of post dural puncture headache , requirement for epidural blood patch or maternal hypotension.
Patient and doctor describing state of consciousness similar to "twilight anesthesia" Twilight anesthesia is an anesthetic technique where a mild dose of sedation is applied to induce anxiolysis (anxiety relief), hypnosis, and anterograde amnesia (inability to form new memories). The patient is not unconscious, but sedated.
Neuraxial blockade is local anaesthesia placed around the nerves of the central nervous system, such as spinal anaesthesia, caudal anaesthesia, epidural anaesthesia, and combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia. [1] [2] The technique is used in surgery, obstetrics, and for postoperative and chronic pain relief. [3]
For epidural anesthesia an anesthetic agent is injected into the space just outside the thecal sac and diffuses through the dura to the nerve roots where they exit the thecal sac. [4] [5] For spinal anaesthesia in general, an injection can be given intrathecally into the subarachnoid space, or into the spinal canal.
Between them is the epidural space. The two layers of the dura mater separate at several places, with the meningeal layer projecting deeper into the brain parenchyma forming fibrous septa that compartmentalize the brain tissue. At these sites, the epidural space is wide enough to house the epidural venous sinuses. [2] [4] [5]
It is the most commonly used local anesthetic in epidural anesthesia during labor, as well as in postoperative pain management. [14] Liposomal formulations of bupivacaine (brand name EXPAREL) have not shown clinical benefit compared to plain bupivacaine when used in traditional perineural injections, [ 15 ] although some industry-funded studies ...