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Formerly the bonobo was known as the "pygmy chimpanzee", despite the bonobo having a similar body size to the common chimpanzee. The name "pygmy" was given by the German zoologist Ernst Schwarz in 1929, who classified the species on the basis of a previously mislabeled bonobo cranium, noting its diminutive size compared to chimpanzee skulls.
Bonobos frequently have sex, sometimes to help prevent and resolve conflicts. Different groups of chimpanzees also have different cultural behaviour with preferences for types of tools. [53] The common chimpanzee tends to display greater aggression than does the bonobo. [54] The average captive chimpanzee sleeps 9 hours and 42 minutes per day. [55]
Her bonobo research examines why bonobos have evolved a very different social system compared to the closely related chimpanzee. She graduated from Cambridge University, UK, with a BA in 1980, an MA in 1984, and a PhD from Stony Brook University , Department of Ecology and Evolution, New York in 1986.
One study analyzed sounds made by human babies and bonobos when tickled. It found that although the bonobo's laugh was a higher frequency, the laugh followed the same sonographic pattern as human babies and included similar facial expressions. Humans and chimpanzees share similar ticklish areas of the body such as the armpits and belly. [6]
The same set-up was then used for pairs of chimpanzees. When both dishes had food, there was no difference in behavior between bonobos and chimpanzees. But when only one dish contained food, bonobos were more than twice as likely to share food than chimpanzees. Bonobos were more tolerant of each other than chimpanzees. [67]
Primate sociality. Group of bonobos relaxing and grooming. Primate sociality is an area of primatology that aims to study the interactions between three main elements of a primate social network: the social organisation, the social structure and the mating system. The intersection of these three structures describe the socially complex ...
The authors present chimp society as extremely patriarchal, in that no adult male chimpanzee is subordinate to any female of any rank. They present evidence that most dominant human civilizations have always been likewise behaviorally patriarchal, and that male humans share male chimpanzees' innate propensity for dominance, gratuitous violence ...
If this is true, then the behaviour of chimpanzees witnessed by Goodall may be interpreted as similar to pre-Upper Paleolithic Human religion. However, De Waal notes that bonobos show no evidence of ritual behaviour yet are extremely peaceful and demonstrate moral agency. This casts doubt on the co-development of morality and proto-religion. [22]