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Ciclosporin, also spelled cyclosporine and cyclosporin, is a calcineurin inhibitor, used as an immunosuppressant medication. It is taken orally or intravenously for rheumatoid arthritis , psoriasis , Crohn's disease , nephrotic syndrome , eczema , and in organ transplants to prevent rejection .
Ciclosporin is thought to bind to the cytosolic protein cyclophilin (an immunophilin) of immunocompetent lymphocytes, especially T-lymphocytes. This complex of ciclosporin and cyclophilin inhibits the phosphatase calcineurin , which under normal circumstances induces the transcription of interleukin-2 .
Ciclosporin is a cyclic polypeptide that has been used widely as an orally-available immunosuppressant. [1] It was originally used to prevent transplant rejection of solid organs but has also found use as an orally administered agent to treat psoriasis , [ 2 ] rheumatoid arthritis , [ 3 ] dry eye [ 4 ] and other auto-immune related conditions.
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A biosafety level (BSL), or pathogen/protection level, is a set of biocontainment precautions required to isolate dangerous biological agents in an enclosed laboratory facility. The levels of containment range from the lowest biosafety level 1 (BSL-1) to the highest at level 4 (BSL-4).
Voclosporin, sold under the brand name Lupkynis, is a calcineurin inhibitor used as an immunosuppressant medication for the treatment of lupus nephritis. [2] [4] It is an analog of ciclosporin that has enhanced action against calcineurin and greater metabolic stability.
We have not found a clinical use for routine hormone levels that justifies the expense. However, we recognize that individual providers may adjust their prescribing and monitoring practices as needed to comply with guidelines or when guided by patient need." [5] International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) United Kingdom <200 pg/mL: 30 ...
The GRADE approach separates recommendations following from an evaluation of the evidence as strong or weak. A recommendation to use, or not use an option (e.g. an intervention), should be based on the trade-offs between desirable consequences of following a recommendation on the one hand, and undesirable consequences on the other.