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A haplotype is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent, [1] [2] and a haplogroup (haploid from the Greek: ἁπλοῦς, haploûs, "onefold, simple" and English: group) is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor with a single-nucleotide polymorphism mutation. [3]
The following articles are lists of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups found in populations around the world. Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group;
Haplogroup C-M217 is the most widespread and frequently occurring branch of the greater (Y-DNA) haplogroup C-M130. Haplogroup C-M217 descendant C-P39 is most commonly found in today's Na-Dene speakers, with the greatest frequency found among the Athabaskans at 42%, and at lesser frequencies in some other Indigenous American groups. [16]
Getting HVR1 and HVR2 DNA tests can help determine one's haplogroup. In the revised Cambridge Reference Sequence of the human mitogenome, the most variable sites of HVR1 are numbered 16024-16383 (this subsequence is called HVR-I), and the most variable sites of HVR2 are numbered 57-372 ( i.e., HVR-II) and 438-574 ( i.e., HVR-III).
Haplogroup X is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is found in North America, Europe, Western Asia, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa. A mtDNA-based map of major human migrations. Haplogroup X diverged from haplogroup N roughly 30,000 years ago (just prior to or during the Last Glacial Maximum).
Haplogroup I (M170) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is a subgroup of haplogroup IJ , which itself is a derivative of the haplogroup IJK . Subclades I1 and I2 can be found in most present-day European populations, with peaks in some Northern European and Southeastern European countries.
The body of a man excavated from Canada Farm, Sixpenny Handley, Dorset dating from 2468 to 2294 BC was found to be R-L21. [note 3]The body of a man [note 4] found in Low Hauxley, Northumberland, dating from 2464 to 2209 BC, was classified as R1b1a1a2a1a2c1a1n (R-DF13 > R-Z39589 > R-FGC59881 > R-BY577 > R-BY575).
(b) Counts of haplogroups in table format. For populations details, see 1000 Genomes Project#Human genome samples. In human genetics, a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA. Haplogroups are used to represent the major branch points on the mitochondrial phylogenetic tree.