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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
English: Linear Algebra by Jim Hefferon, along with its answers to exercises, is a text for a first undergraduate course. It is Free. Use it as the main book, as a supplement, or for independent study.
Concerning general linear maps, linear endomorphisms, and square matrices have some specific properties that make their study an important part of linear algebra, which is used in many parts of mathematics, including geometric transformations, coordinate changes, quadratic forms, and many other parts of mathematics.
Download as PDF; Printable version; In other projects Wikidata item; Appearance. move to sidebar hide. This is an outline of topics related to linear algebra, the ...
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
For many problems in applied linear algebra, it is useful to adopt the perspective of a matrix as being a concatenation of column vectors. For example, when solving the linear system =, rather than understanding x as the product of with b, it is helpful to think of x as the vector of coefficients in the linear expansion of b in the basis formed by the columns of A.
Multilinear algebra is the study of functions with multiple vector-valued arguments, with the functions being linear maps with respect to each argument. It involves concepts such as matrices , tensors , multivectors , systems of linear equations , higher-dimensional spaces , determinants , inner and outer products, and dual spaces .
For example, a linear algebraic group is solvable if it has a composition series of linear algebraic subgroups such that the quotient groups are commutative. Also, the normalizer , the center , and the centralizer of a closed subgroup H of a linear algebraic group G are naturally viewed as closed subgroup schemes of G .
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