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A440 (also known as Stuttgart pitch [1]) is the musical pitch corresponding to an audio frequency of 440 Hz, which serves as a tuning standard for the musical note of A above middle C, or A 4 in scientific pitch notation. It is standardized by the International Organization for Standardization as ISO 16.
The initial standard was A = 439 Hz ⓘ, but this was superseded by A = 440 Hz, possibly because 439 Hz was difficult to reproduce in a laboratory since 439 is a prime number. [ 22 ] In 1964, of 31 top professional U.S. orchestras, 19 were tuning at 440, the others at 441 or 442. [ 23 ]
This is a list of the fundamental frequencies in hertz (cycles per second) of the keys of a modern 88-key standard or 108-key extended piano in twelve-tone equal temperament, with the 49th key, the fifth A (called A 4), tuned to 440 Hz (referred to as A440). [1] [2] Every octave is made of twelve steps called semitones.
This sample rate has become the standard rate for professional audio. [2] Until recently [ when? ] , sample rate conversion between 44,100 Hz and 48,000 Hz was complicated by the high ratio number between the rates of these as the lowest common denominator of 44,100 and 48,000 is 147:160, but with modern [ vague ] technology this conversion is ...
Another standard pitch, the so-called Baroque pitch, has been set in the 20th century as A = 415 Hz—approximately an equal-tempered semitone lower than A440 to facilitate transposition. The Classical pitch can be set to either 427 Hz (about halfway between A415 and A440) or 430 Hz (also between A415 and A440 but slightly sharper than the ...
Acoustic – the highest musical note (C 8) playable on a normally-tuned standard piano 8 kHz: ISDN sampling rate 10 4: 10 kHz 14 kHz: Acoustic – the typical upper limit of adult human hearing 17.4 kHz: Acoustic – a frequency known as the Mosquito, which is generally only audible to those under the age of 24. 25.1 kHz
Around the turn of the twentieth century, Big Oil was John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Trust. By 1904, the monopoly controlled 91% of the U.S. oil market and 85% of final sales.
Around 1950, slower speeds became standard: 45, 33⅓, and the rarely used 16⅔ rpm. The standard material for discs changed from shellac to vinyl, although vinyl had been used for some special-purpose records since the early 1930s and some 78 rpm shellac records were still being made in the late 1950s.