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On the left of folio 1 is a miniature of the Buddha, and on the right, one of his devotees. Depicted on the lower cover, as is often the case with Mongolian manuscripts, are the four so-called Great Kings, or custodians of the world. Buddhism; Kanjur; Mahāyāna Sūtras; Miniatures (Illuminations)
The development of Mongolian studies in China in the early years after the establishment of the People's Republic of China drew heavily on Russian works. [9] One of the first tertiary-level centres for Mongolian studies in China, the Institute of Mongolia at Inner Mongolia University, was founded in 1964. [10]
The Soyombo script was the first Mongolian script to be written horizontally from left to right, in contrast to earlier scripts that had been written vertically. As in the Tibetan and Devanagari scripts, the signs are suspended below a horizontal line, giving each line of text a visible "backbone".
Noting that the IISNC organized an international symposium [note 1] in Mongolia to promote dialogue among civilizations, Jargalsaikhan Enkhsaikhan stated that dialogue between civilizations is a fundamental requirement to prevent conflicts which, according to him, is one of the primary objectives of the United Nations.
Mongolian is the official national language of Mongolia, where it is spoken (but not always written) by nearly 3.6 million people (2014 estimate), [16] and the official provincial language (both spoken and written forms) of Inner Mongolia, where there are at least 4.1 million ethnic Mongols. [17]
In March 2020, the Mongolian government announced plans to use both Cyrillic and the traditional Mongolian script in official documents by 2025. [5] [6] [7] In China, the Cyrillic alphabet is also used by Chinese for learning the modern Mongolian language, as well as by some Mongols in Inner Mongolia to demonstrate their ethnic identity. [8] [9]
While the Secret History was preserved in part as the basis for a number of chronicles such as the Jami' al-tawarikh, Shengwu qinzheng lu, and Altan Tobchi, the full Mongolian body only survived from a version made around the 1400s at the start of the Ming dynasty, where the pronunciation was transcribed into Chinese characters as a tool to ...
The term "Middle Mongol" or "Middle Mongolian" is somewhat misleading, since it is the earliest directly-attested (as opposed to reconstructed) ancestor of Modern Mongolian, and would therefore be termed "Old Mongolian" under the usual conventions for naming historical forms of languages (compare the distinction between Old Chinese and Middle ...