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Restored Mogao Christian painting, possibly a representation of Jesus Christ.The original work dates back to the 9th century. The Jingjiao Documents (Chinese: 景教經典; pinyin: Jǐngjiào jīngdiǎn; also known as the Nestorian Documents or the Jesus Sutras) are a collection of Chinese language texts connected with the 7th-century mission of Alopen, a Church of the East bishop from ...
He rejected Confucianism and began propagating a fusion of Christianity, Daoism and millenarianism, which Hong presented as a restoration of the ancient Chinese faith in Shangdi. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] His associate Feng Yunshan then founded the God Worshipping Society to spread Hong's teachings.
Chinese surnames have a history of over 3,000 years. Chinese mythology, however, reaches back further to the legendary figure Fuxi (with the surname Feng), who was said to have established the system of Chinese surnames to distinguish different families and prevent marriage of people with the same family names. [8]
Earlier Chinese societies were commonly matriarchal, so family names from the time typically passed from women to their children. Because of this phenomenon, these eight surnames have a component of their hanzi representing the character woman (女). [1] [4] As of 2019, very few people had one of these surnames as a family name. [2]
The time of Confucius's life saw a rich diversity of thought, and was a formative period in China's intellectual history. His ideas gained in prominence during the Warring States period , but experienced setback immediately following the Qin conquest .
The surnames are not listed in order of commonality. According to Song dynasty scholar Wang Mingqing (王明清), the first four surnames listed represent the most important families in the empire at the time: [7] 1st: Zhao (趙) is the surname of the Song dynasty emperors. 2nd: Qian (錢) is the surname of the kings of Wuyue.
This list of the 100 most common Chinese surnames derives from China's Ministry of Public Security's annual report on the top 100 surnames in China, with the latest report release in January 2020 for the year 2019. [9] When the 1982 Chinese census was first published, it did not include a list of top surnames.
Islam has enjoyed a long history in China. For Chinese Muslims, the principal term for God is also Zhēnzhǔ (真主) but transliterations of the Arabic Allāh also exist as Ālā (阿拉), and as Ānlā (安拉; Ān, "Peace" + Lā, "Help"). [10] The term Húdà (胡大), from the Persian term for God, khudai, is seen more often in north ...