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Fermat's little theorem and some proofs; Gödel's completeness theorem and its original proof; Mathematical induction and a proof; Proof that 0.999... equals 1; Proof that 22/7 exceeds π; Proof that e is irrational; Proof that π is irrational; Proof that the sum of the reciprocals of the primes diverges
Bolyai–Gerwien theorem (discrete geometry) Bolzano's theorem (real analysis, calculus) Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem (real analysis, calculus) Bombieri's theorem (number theory) Bombieri–Friedlander–Iwaniec theorem (number theory) Bondareva–Shapley theorem ; Bondy's theorem (graph theory, combinatorics) Bondy–Chvátal theorem (graph ...
Conversely, if we can prove that A + B = C for three similar figures without using the Pythagorean theorem, then we can work backwards to construct a proof of the theorem. For example, the starting center triangle can be replicated and used as a triangle C on its hypotenuse, and two similar right triangles (A and B) constructed on the other two ...
In proof by exhaustion, the conclusion is established by dividing it into a finite number of cases and proving each one separately. The number of cases sometimes can become very large. For example, the first proof of the four color theorem was a proof by exhaustion with 1,936 cases. This proof was controversial because the majority of the cases ...
For example, in a polyhedron (3-dimensional polytope), a face is a facet, an edge is a ridge, and a vertex is a peak. Vertex figure: not itself an element of a polytope, but a diagram showing how the elements meet.
A parabolic segment is the region bounded by a parabola and line. To find the area of a parabolic segment, Archimedes considers a certain inscribed triangle. The base of this triangle is the given chord of the parabola, and the third vertex is the point on the parabola such that the tangent to the parabola at that point is parallel to the chord.
In the 19th century mathematicians began to seriously question the parallel postulate and found that other forms of geometry are possible. For example in elliptical geometry: Given a line and a point not on that line, all lines drawn through that point will intersect the original line. (case 2) And in hyperbolic geometry:
The Elements begins with plane geometry, still taught in secondary school (high school) as the first axiomatic system and the first examples of mathematical proofs. It goes on to the solid geometry of three dimensions. Much of the Elements states results of what are now called algebra and number theory, explained in geometrical language. [1]