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Nitrogen is a liquid under −195.8 °C (77.3 K).. In physics, cryogenics is the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures.. The 13th International Institute of Refrigeration's (IIR) International Congress of Refrigeration (held in Washington, DC in 1971) endorsed a universal definition of "cryogenics" and "cryogenic" by accepting a threshold of 120 K (−153 °C) to ...
Cryochemistry is the study of chemical interactions at temperatures below −150 °C (−238 °F; 123 K). [1] It is derived from the Greek word cryos, meaning 'cold'.It overlaps with many other sciences, including chemistry, cryobiology, condensed matter physics, and even astrochemistry.
A cryogenic storage dewar (or simply dewar) is a specialised type of vacuum flask used for storing cryogens (such as liquid nitrogen or liquid helium), whose boiling points are much lower than room temperature. It is named after inventor James Dewar, who developed it for his own work. They are commonly used in low-temperature physics and chemistry.
Low Temperature Physics is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of low temperature physics. The journal publishes original articles, review articles, brief communications, memoirs, and biographies. The editor-in-chief is Yurii G. Naidyuk.
chemistry (Proportion of "active" molecules or atoms) Arrhenius number = Svante Arrhenius: chemistry (ratio of activation energy to thermal energy) [1] Atomic weight: M: chemistry (mass of one atom divided by the atomic mass constant, 1 Da) Bodenstein number: Bo or Bd
Unlike a classical ideal gas, whose pressure is proportional to its temperature =, where P is pressure, k B is the Boltzmann constant, N is the number of particles (typically atoms or molecules), T is temperature, and V is the volume, the pressure exerted by degenerate matter depends only weakly on its temperature.
At the 15th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics in 1978 in Grenoble, Hetherington's co-author was exposed: Hetherington had sent some signed copies of his article to friends and colleagues and included the "signature" (paw prints) of his co-author in them. [4]
The following is a timeline of low-temperature technology and cryogenic technology (refrigeration down to close to absolute zero, i.e. –273.15 °C, −459.67 °F or 0 K). [1] It also lists important milestones in thermometry , thermodynamics , statistical physics and calorimetry , that were crucial in development of low temperature systems.