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Tom Holland, The Last Years of the Roman Republic ISBN 0-385-50313-X; Ramsay MacMullen, 2000. Romanization in the Time of Augustus (Yale University Press) Paul Veyne, editor, 1992. A History of Private Life: I From Pagan Rome to Byzantium (Belknap Press of Harvard University Press) Karl Wilhelm Weeber, 2008. Nachtleben im Alten Rom (Primusverlag)
Funeral monument of a Roman midwife. In ancient Rome, childbirth was the aim of a Roman marriage. Procreation was the prime duty and expectation of a woman. [1] Childbirth also brought upon high risk to both the mother and child due to a greater chance of complications, which included infection, uterine hemorrhage, and the young age of the mothers.
Some sexual attitudes and behaviors in ancient Roman culture differ markedly from those in later Western societies. [13] [14] Roman religion promoted sexuality as an aspect of prosperity for the state, and individuals might turn to private religious practice or "magic" for improving their erotic lives or reproductive health.
Life expectancy at birth in the Roman Empire is estimated at about 22–33 years. [9] [notes 1] For the two-thirds to three-quarters of the population surviving the first year of life, [10] life expectancy at age 1 is estimated at around 34–41 remaining years (i.e. expected to live to age 35–42), while for the 55–65% surviving to age 5, life expectancy was around 40–45. [11]
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A Roman era sundial on display at a museum in Side, Turkey The Romans used various ancient timekeeping devices . According to Pliny , Sundials , or shadow clocks, were first introduced to Rome when a Greek sundial captured from the Samnites was set up publicly around 293-290 BC., [ 2 ] with another early known example being imported from Sicily ...
At the foundation of ancient Greek education was an effective system of formal education, but in contrast, the Romans lacked such a system until the 3rd century BC. [11] Instead, at the foundation of ancient Roman education was, above all else, the home and family, from which children derived their so-called "moral education".
The history of Rome includes the history of the city of Rome as well as the civilisation of ancient Rome. Roman history has been influential on the modern world, especially in the history of the Catholic Church, and Roman law has influenced many modern legal systems. Roman history can be divided into the following periods: