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METAR indicates that the following is a standard hourly observation. KTTN is the ICAO identifier for the Trenton-Mercer Airport . 051853Z indicates the day of the month is the 5th and the time of day is 1853 Zulu/ UTC , or 1:53PM Eastern Standard Time .
Surface weather observations can include the following elements: The Station Identifier, or Location identifier, consists of four characters for METAR observations, [13] with the first representing the region of the world the station lies within. For example, the first letter for areas in and around the Pacific Ocean is P, and for Europe is E.
Reconstructions of global temperature of the past 2000 years, using composite of different proxy methods. In the study of past climates ("paleoclimatology"), climate proxies are preserved physical characteristics of the past that stand in for direct meteorological measurements [1] and enable scientists to reconstruct the climatic conditions over a longer fraction of the Earth's history.
Also actiniform. Describing a collection of low-lying, radially structured clouds with distinct shapes (resembling leaves or wheels in satellite imagery), and typically organized in extensive mesoscale fields over marine environments. They are closely related to and sometimes considered a variant of stratocumulus clouds. actinometer A scientific instrument used to measure the heating power of ...
In the United Kingdom, when the observation is taken from an automated weather observation site, the shape is a triangle. [10] If the shape is completely filled in, it is overcast. If conditions are completely clear, the circle or triangle is empty.
The World Meteorological Organization acts to standardize the instrumentation, observing practices and timing of these observations worldwide. Stations either report hourly in METAR reports, [36] or every six hours in SYNOP reports. [37] Sites launch radiosondes, which rise through the depth of the troposphere and well into the stratosphere. [38]
SYNOP (surface synoptic observations) is a numerical code (called FM-12 by WMO) used for reporting weather observations made by staffed and automated weather stations. SYNOP reports are typically sent every six hours by Deutscher Wetterdienst on shortwave and low frequency using RTTY .
Systematic observations of sunspots started by amateur astronomer Heinrich Schwabe in the early 19th century, starting a discussion of the Sun's influence on Earth's climate. [ 4 ] The scientific study of paleoclimatology began to take shape in the early 19th century, when discoveries about glaciations and natural changes in Earth's past ...