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  2. Leverage (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leverage_(statistics)

    The formula then divides by () to account for the fact that we remove the observation rather than adjusting its value, reflecting the fact that removal changes the distribution of covariates more when applied to high-leverage observations (i.e. with outlier covariate values). Similar formulas arise when applying general formulas for statistical ...

  3. Debt-to-equity ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debt-to-equity_ratio

    Closely related to leveraging, the ratio is also known as risk, gearing or leverage. The two components are often taken from the firm's balance sheet or statement of financial position (so-called book value ), but the ratio may also be calculated using market values for both, if the company's debt and equity are publicly traded , or using a ...

  4. List of price index formulas - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_price_index_formulas

    The Marshall-Edgeworth index, credited to Marshall (1887) and Edgeworth (1925), [11] is a weighted relative of current period to base period sets of prices. This index uses the arithmetic average of the current and based period quantities for weighting. It is considered a pseudo-superlative formula and is symmetric. [12]

  5. Debt-to-capital ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debt-to-capital_ratio

    The ratio measures a company's capital structure, financial solvency, and degree of leverage, at a particular point in time. [1] The data to calculate the ratio are found on the balance sheet. Practitioners use different definitions of debt: Any interest-bearing liability to qualify. All liabilities, including accounts payable and deferred income.

  6. Equity ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_ratio

    The equity ratio is a financial ratio indicating the relative proportion of equity used to finance a company's assets. The two components are often taken from the firm's balance sheet or statement of financial position (so-called book value), but the ratio may also be calculated using market values for both, if the company's equities are publicly traded.

  7. Beneish M-score - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneish_M-Score

    Beneish M-score is a probabilistic model, so it cannot detect companies that manipulate their earnings with 100% accuracy. Financial institutions were excluded from the sample in Beneish paper when calculating M-score since these institutions make money through different routes.

  8. Ohlson O-score - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohlson_o-score

    Two of the factors utilized are widely considered to be dummies as their value and thus their impact upon the formula typically is 0. [2] When using an O-score to evaluate the probability of company’s failure, then exp(O-score) is divided by 1 + exp(O-score). [3] The calculation for Ohlson O-score appears below: [4]

  9. Fundamental analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_analysis

    The amount of debt a company possesses is also a major consideration in determining its financial leverage and its health. This is meaningful because a company can reach higher earnings (and this way a higher return on equity and higher P/E ratio ) simply by increasing the amount of net debt.