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Hinduism (/ ˈ h ɪ n d u ˌ ɪ z əm /) [1] is an umbrella term [2] [3] [a] for a range of Indian religious and spiritual traditions (sampradayas) [4] [note 1] that are unified by adherence to the concept of dharma, a cosmic order maintained by its followers through rituals and righteous living, [5] [6] [7] [b] as first expounded in the Vedas.
Sāmkhya(Sanskrit: सांख्य) is the oldest of the orthodox philosophical systems in Hinduism, [53] with origins in the 1st millennium BCE. [29] It is a rationalist school of Indian philosophy , [ 45 ] and had a strong influence on other schools of Indian philosophies. [ 54 ]
Hinduism – predominant and indigenous religious tradition of the Indian Subcontinent. [1] Its followers are called Hindus , who refer to it as Sanātana Dharma [ 2 ] ( Sanskrit : सनातनधर्मः , lit.
Dharma (/ ˈ d ɑːr m ə /; Sanskrit: धर्म, pronounced ⓘ) is a key concept in the Indian religions of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism. [7] The term dharma is understood to refer to behaviours which are in harmony with the "order and custom" that sustains life; "virtue", righteousness or "religious and moral duties".
The Advaita vedanta tradition modifies the Samkhya-dualism between Purusha (pure awareness or consciousness) and Prakriti ('nature', which includes matter but also cognition and emotion) as the two equal basic principles of existence, [16] [17] proposing instead that Atman/Brahman (awareness, purusha) alone is ultimately real, and, though ...
However, like all Indian religions, it shares the core concepts such as karma, ethical living, rebirth, samsara and moksha. Jainism places strong emphasis on asceticism , ahimsa (non-violence) and anekantavada (relativity of viewpoints) as a means of spiritual liberation, ideas that influenced other Indian traditions.
Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of Iron Age India around the middle of the first millennium BCE. [5] This was a period of great intellectual ferment and socio-cultural change known as the Second Urbanisation, marked by the growth of towns and trade, the composition of the Upanishads and the historical emergence of the Śramaṇa traditions.
Hinduism comprises a large array of religious and philosophical movements primarily found in the Indian subcontinent. Most of it is based on ideas that partially align with the Vedas and thus includes the six orthodox schools of Indian philosophy, known as the astika schools, or more generally as the six branches of Hindu philosophy .