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A plane containing a cross-section of the solid may be referred to as a cutting plane. The shape of the cross-section of a solid may depend upon the orientation of the cutting plane to the solid. For instance, while all the cross-sections of a ball are disks, [2] the cross-sections of a cube depend on how the cutting plane is related to the ...
The parallel axis theorem can be used to determine the second moment of area of a rigid body about any axis, given the body's second moment of area about a parallel axis through the body's centroid, the area of the cross section, and the perpendicular distance (d) between the axes. ′ = +
The elastic section modulus is used to calculate a cross-section's resistance to bending within the elastic range, where stress and strain are proportional. The plastic section modulus is used to calculate a cross-section's capacity to resist bending after yielding has occurred across the entire section. It is used for determining the plastic ...
Non-circular cross-sections always have warping deformations that require numerical methods to allow for the exact calculation of the torsion constant. [2] The torsional stiffness of beams with non-circular cross sections is significantly increased if the warping of the end sections is restrained by, for example, stiff end blocks. [3]
A crossed rectangle may be considered equiangular if right and left turns are allowed. As with any crossed quadrilateral, the sum of its interior angles is 720°, allowing for internal angles to appear on the outside and exceed 180°. [16] A rectangle and a crossed rectangle are quadrilaterals with the following properties in common:
An arbitrary shape. ρ is the distance to the element dA, with projections x and y on the x and y axes.. The second moment of area for an arbitrary shape R with respect to an arbitrary axis ′ (′ axis is not drawn in the adjacent image; is an axis coplanar with x and y axes and is perpendicular to the line segment) is defined as ′ = where
The second polar moment of area, also known (incorrectly, colloquially) as "polar moment of inertia" or even "moment of inertia", is a quantity used to describe resistance to torsional deformation (), in objects (or segments of an object) with an invariant cross-section and no significant warping or out-of-plane deformation. [1]
In structural engineering, the plastic moment (M p) is a property of a structural section. It is defined as the moment at which the entire cross section has reached its yield stress . This is theoretically the maximum bending moment that the section can resist – when this point is reached a plastic hinge is formed and any load beyond this ...