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About 60% of the metronidazole is metabolized by oxidation to the main metabolite hydroxymetronidazole and a carboxylic acid derivative, and by glucuronidation. The metabolites show antibiotic and antiprotozoal activity in vitro. [62] Metronidazole and its metabolites are mainly excreted via the kidneys (77%) and to a lesser extent via the ...
Certain types of vaginitis may result in complications during pregnancy. [1] The three main causes are infections, specifically bacterial vaginosis, vaginal yeast infection, and trichomoniasis. [2] Other causes include allergies to substances such as spermicides or soaps or as a result of low estrogen levels during breast-feeding or after ...
Formulation methods include vaginal tablets, vaginal cream, vaginal gel, [4] [medical citation needed] vaginal suppository and vaginal ring. It is used as an administration method for issues related to women's health, such as contraception. [ 5 ]
During pregnancy, vaginal discharge volume increases as a result of the body's increased levels of estrogen and progesterone. [13] [2] The discharge is usually white or slightly gray, and may have a musty smell. [13] [2] The normal discharge of pregnancy does not contain blood or cause itching. [13]
[19] [58] Other antibiotics related to metronidazole, including tinidazole and the newer secnidazole, are also approved and used to treat BV. [9] [59] [60] When clindamycin is given to pregnant women symptomatic with BV before 22 weeks of gestation the risk of pre-term birth before 37 weeks of gestation is lower. [61]
Metronidazole is thought to act through anti-inflammatory mechanisms, while azelaic acid is thought to decrease cathelicidin production. Oral antibiotics of the tetracycline class such as doxycycline, minocycline, and oxytetracycline are also commonly used and thought to reduce papulopustular lesions through anti-inflammatory actions rather ...
Megan Fox surprised her followers by posting a photo on Instagram today (November 11), showing what appears to be her pregnant belly. The actress had previously ignited rumors about her expecting ...
Cannabis use during pregnancy should be avoided. [80] There is no known safe dose of cannabis while pregnant and use of cannabis may lead to birth defects, pre-term birth, or low birth weight. [80] Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), an active ingredient in cannabis, can both cross the placenta and accumulates in high concentrations in breast milk. [81]