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Precipitation hardening, also called age hardening or particle hardening, is a heat treatment technique used to increase the yield strength of malleable materials, including most structural alloys of aluminium, magnesium, nickel, titanium, and some steels, stainless steels, and duplex stainless steel.
SAE Type 630 stainless steel (more commonly known as 17-4 PH, or simply 17-4; also known as UNS S17400) is a grade of martensitic precipitation hardened stainless steel. It contains approximately 15–17.5% chromium and 3–5% nickel, as well as 3–5% copper. [1] The name comes from the chemical makeup which is approximately 17% chromium and 4 ...
Precipitation hardening (also called age hardening) is a process where a second phase that begins in solid solution with the matrix metal is precipitated out of solution with the metal as it is quenched, leaving particles of that phase distributed throughout to cause resistance to slip dislocations. This is achieved by first heating the metal ...
This microstructure gives the steels a low yield strength, high rate of work hardening, and good formability. [1] Microalloyed steels: Steels which contain very small additions of niobium, vanadium, and/or titanium to obtain a refined grain size and/or precipitation hardening. A common type of micro-alloyed steel is improved-formability HSLA.
Subsequent aging (precipitation hardening) of the more common alloys for approximately 3 hours at a temperature of 480 to 500 °C (900 to 930 °F) produces a fine dispersion of Ni 3 (X,Y) intermetallic phases along dislocations left by martensitic transformation, where X and Y are solute elements added for such precipitation.
Austenitic stainless steel is one of the five classes of stainless steel as defined by crystalline structure (along with ferritic, martensitic, duplex and precipitation hardened). [1] Its primary crystalline structure is austenite (face-centered cubic). Such steels are not hardenable by heat treatment and are essentially non-magnetic. [2]
Martensitic precipitation hardening grades. 17-4 PH (UNS S17400), the best-known grade, combines martensitic hardening and precipitation hardening to increase strength and toughness. Creep-resisting grades. Small additions of niobium, vanadium, boron, and cobalt increase the strength and creep resistance up to about 650 °C (1,200 °F).
Martensitic stainless steels can be high- or low-carbon steels built around the composition of iron, 12% up to 17% chromium, carbon from 0.10% (Type 410) up to 1.2% (Type 440C): [9] Up to about 0.4%C they are used mostly for their mechanical properties in applications such as pumps, valves, and shafts.
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