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The frequency drifts from higher to lower values because it depends on the electron density, and the shock propagates outward away from the Sun through lower and lower densities. By using a model for the Sun's atmospheric density, the frequency drift rate can then be used to estimate the speed of the shock wave.
First, the requirement that the heat shield of the probe be pointed towards the Sun sometimes puts the heat shield between the antenna and Earth. Second, even when the probe is not particularly near the Sun, when the angle between the probe and the Sun, as seen from Earth, is too small, the Sun's radiation can overwhelm the communication link.
A Sun sensor is a navigational instrument used by spacecraft to detect the position of the Sun. [1] [2] Sun sensors are used for attitude control, solar array pointing, gyro updating, and fail-safe recovery. [3] [4] In addition to spacecraft, Sun sensors find use in ground-based weather stations and Sun-tracking systems, and aerial vehicles ...
Several attempts were made to detect radio emission from the Sun including an experiment by German astrophysicists Johannes Wilsing and Julius Scheiner in 1896 and a centimeter wave radiation apparatus set up by Oliver Lodge between 1897 and 1900. These attempts were unable to detect any emission due to technical limitations of the instruments.
Attempting to prove Maxwell's equations and detect such low frequency electromagnetic radiation, in 1886, the physicist Heinrich Hertz built an apparatus to generate and detect what are now called radio waves. Hertz found the waves and was able to infer (by measuring their wavelength and multiplying it by their frequency) that they traveled at ...
The following Radiological protection instruments can be used to detect and measure ionizing radiation: Ionization chambers; Gaseous ionization detectors; Geiger counters; Photodetectors; Scintillation counters; Semiconductor detectors
Detectors are designed to have one or two scintillation materials, depending on the application. "Single phosphor" detectors are used for either alpha or beta, and "Dual phosphor" detectors are used to detect both. [8] A scintillator such as zinc sulphide is used for alpha particle detection, whilst plastic scintillators are used for beta ...
The Antarctic Impulse Transient Antenna (ANITA) is a balloon-borne device flying over Antarctica and detecting Askaryan radiation, produced as cosmic ultra-high-energy neutrinos travel through the ice below and produce a shower of secondary charged particles, which emits a cone of coherent radiation in the radio or microwave part of the ...
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