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The Kingdom of Kush (/ k ʊ ʃ, k ʌ ʃ /; Egyptian: 𓎡𓄿𓈙𓈉 kꜣš, Assyrian: Kûsi, in LXX Χους or Αἰθιοπία; Coptic: ⲉϭⲱϣ Ecōš; Hebrew: כּוּשׁ Kūš), also known as the Kushite Empire, or simply Kush, was an ancient kingdom in Nubia, centered along the Nile Valley in what is now northern Sudan and southern Egypt.
The form Kush appears in Egyptian records as early as the reign of Mentuhotep II (21st century BC), in an inscription detailing his campaigns against the Nubian region. [8] At the time of the compilation of the Hebrew Bible, and throughout classical antiquity, the Nubian kingdom was centered at Meroë in the modern-day nation of Sudan. [7]
Kushite rulers also redirected their attention to protecting their borders from invaders. In 319 BC, Ptolemy I dispatched an army to attack Kush. [3] In the 270s BC, Ptolemy II invaded Nubia and defeated the Kingdom of Kush, gaining access to Kushite territory and the control of lucrative gold deposits in a region known as Dodekasoinos. [21]
Kushite royal pyramids in Meroë. The system of royal succession in the Kingdom of Kush is not well understood. [4] There are no known administrative documents or histories written by the Kushites themselves; [5] because very little of the royal genealogy can be reliably reconstructed, it is impossible to determine how the system functioned in theory and when or if it was ever broken. [6]
The Odrysian kingdom was founded by king Teres I, exploiting the collapse of the Persian presence in Europe due to failed invasion of Greece in 480-79. Teres and his son Sitalces pursued a policy of expansion, making the kingdom one of the most powerful of its time.
Pompey laid siege to and entered the Temple, and Judea became a client kingdom of the Roman Republic. 40: Herod the Great was appointed King of the Jews by the Roman Senate, replacing the Hasmonean dynasty with the Herodian dynasty. 6-4: Jesus of Nazareth was born in Bethlehem, Herodian Kingdom. Birth of Jesus by Hans Pleydenwurff
The last standing pillars of the temple of Amun at the foot of Jebel Barkal. Napata was founded by Thutmose III in the 15th century BC after his conquest of Kush. Because Egyptians believed that the inundation of the Nile equated Creation, Napata's location as the southernmost point in the empire led it to become an important religious centre and settlement. [5]
The dates given in this list of pharaohs are approximate. They are based primarily on the conventional chronology of Ancient Egypt , mostly based on the Digital Egypt for Universities [ 4 ] database developed by the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology , but alternative dates taken from other authorities may be indicated separately.