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There are also mixed breeding systems, in both plants and animals, where hermaphrodite individuals coexist with males (called androdioecy) or with females (called gynodioecy), or all three exist in the same species (called trioecy).
Sequential hermaphrodites almost always have a sex ratio biased towards the birth sex, and consequently experience significantly more reproductive success after switching sexes. According to the population genetics theory, this should decrease genetic diversity and effective population size (Ne).
A sexual system is a distribution of male and female functions across organisms in a species. [1] [2] The terms reproductive system and mating system have also been used as synonyms. [3] Sexual systems play a key role in genetic variation and reproductive success, and may also have led to the origin or extinction of certain species. [4]
Gynodioecy / ˌ dʒ ɪ n oʊ d aɪ ˈ iː s i / is a rare breeding system that is found in certain flowering plant species in which female and hermaphroditic plants coexist within a population. Gynodioecy is the evolutionary intermediate between hermaphroditism (exhibiting both female and male parts) and dioecy (having two distinct morphs: male ...
Trioecy / t r aɪ ˈ iː s i /, also spelled triecy, is a sexual system characterized by the coexistence of males, females, and hermaphrodites. It has been found in both plants and animals. [1] [2] Like androdioecy and gynodioecy, trioecy is a mixed mating systems. [3]
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But unlike sequential hermaphrodites, simultaneous hermaphrodites are both male and female at sexual maturity. Also sex determination does not apply to simultaneous hermaphrodites (except in species with mix mating systems). [4] In simultaneous hermaphrodites, self-fertilization is possible in some species, where in others it is absent. [5]
Cytoplasmic–genetic male sterility systems are widely exploited in crop plants for hybrid breeding due to the convenience of controlling sterility expression by manipulating the gene–cytoplasm combinations in any selected genotype. Incorporation of these systems for male sterility evades the need for emasculation in cross-pollinated species ...