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The charge due to polarization is known as bound charge, while the charge on an object produced by electrons gained or lost from outside the object is called free charge. The motion of electrons in conductive metals in a specific direction is known as electric current.
The conventional direction of current, also known as conventional current, [10] [11] is arbitrarily defined as the direction in which positive charges flow. In a conductive material, the moving charged particles that constitute the electric current are called charge carriers.
The phenomenon of static electricity requires a separation of positive and negative charges. When two materials are in contact, electrons may move from one material to the other, which leaves an excess of positive charge on one material, and an equal negative charge on the other. When the materials are separated they retain this charge imbalance.
In condensed matter physics and electrochemistry, drift current is the electric current, or movement of charge carriers, which is due to the applied electric field, often stated as the electromotive force over a given distance. When an electric field is applied across a semiconductor material, a current is produced due to the flow of charge ...
This change in the distribution of charge in a molecule due to an external electric field is called dielectric polarization, [8] and the polarized molecules are called dipoles. This should not be confused with a polar molecule , which has a positive and negative end due to its structure, even in the absence of external charge.
There are two recognized types of charge carriers in semiconductors. One is electrons, which carry a negative electric charge. In addition, it is convenient to treat the traveling vacancies in the valence band electron population as a second type of charge carrier, which carry a positive charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron. [12]
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This is a list of materials ordered by how they develop a charge relative to other materials on the list. Johan Carl Wilcke published the first one in a 1757 paper. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] The series was expanded by Shaw [ 1 ] and Henniker [ 71 ] by including natural and synthetic polymers, and included alterations in the sequence depending on surface ...