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Early childhood peers engaged in parallel play. In sociology, a peer group is both a social group and a primary group of people who have similar interests , age, background, or social status. Members of peer groups are likely to influence each others' beliefs and behaviour. [1] During adolescence, peer groups tend to face dramatic changes.
Primary socialization in sociology is the period early in a person's life during which they initially learn and develop themselves through experiences and interactions. This process starts at home through the family, in which one learns what is or is not accepted in society, social norms, and cultural practices that eventually one is likely to take up.
Children will undergo different playing stages in order to finally join people in groups. Analysis published in 2003 in Early Childhood Research Quarterly showed that preschool children, who enjoy watching others engage in parallel play, can have future activities designed to help with transition into higher levels of social interaction.
A reference group is a group to which an individual or another group is compared, used by sociologists in reference to any group that is used by an individual as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior. More simply, as explained by Thompson and Hickey (2005), such groups are ones "that people refer to when evaluating their ...
Theoretically, peer groups have been hypothesized to serve as an intermediary support source as adolescents exert independence from their family. [32] This is supported by data that indicates that the importance of peer group membership to youth increases in early adolescence, followed by a decline in later adolescence. [32] [33]
More encouragingly, however, longitudinal observations suggest that interventions in early childhood may have the potential to influence social segregation: the more schools foster close cross-racial friendships in childhood the less peer group segregation manifests. [3] [35]: p.167
Stages of play is a theory and classification of children's participation in play developed by Mildred Parten Newhall in her 1929 dissertation. [1] Parten observed American preschool age (ages 2 to 5) children at free play (defined as anything unrelated to survival, production or profit).
Early childhood interventions targeting social skills directly improve the peer relations of children. These interventions focus on at-risk groups such as single, adolescent mothers and families of children with early behavior problems. Interventions targeting both children and families have the highest success rates.