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  2. Checking whether a coin is fair - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checking_whether_a_coin_is...

    (Note: r is the probability of obtaining heads when tossing the same coin once.) Plot of the probability density f(r | H = 7, T = 3) = 1320 r 7 (1 − r) 3 with r ranging from 0 to 1. The probability for an unbiased coin (defined for this purpose as one whose probability of coming down heads is somewhere between 45% and 55%)

  3. Feller's coin-tossing constants - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feller's_coin-tossing...

    Feller's coin-tossing constants are a set of numerical constants which describe asymptotic probabilities that in n independent tosses of a fair coin, no run of k consecutive heads (or, equally, tails) appears. William Feller showed [1] that if this probability is written as p(n,k) then

  4. Coin flipping - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coin_flipping

    (The revived XFL, which launched in 2020, removed the coin toss altogether and allowed that decision to be made as part of a team's home field advantage.) In an association football match, the team winning the coin toss chooses which goal to attack in the first half; the opposing team kicks off for the first half. For the second half, the teams ...

  5. Talk:Checking whether a coin is fair - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Checking_whether_a...

    To make the calculations of the factorials easy to make. 11! (eleven factorial) 7! (seven factorial) and 3! (three factorial) are very easy to calc on your typical scientific calculator. If a more reasonable number of coin toss was choosen, say 10,000 coin tosses, it would be impossible to calculate the factorials using a high school calculator.

  6. Bernoulli distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli_distribution

    It can be used to represent a (possibly biased) coin toss where 1 and 0 would represent "heads" and "tails", respectively, and p would be the probability of the coin landing on heads (or vice versa where 1 would represent tails and p would be the probability of tails). In particular, unfair coins would have /

  7. Penney's game - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penney's_game

    Player A selects a sequence of heads and tails (of length 3 or larger), and shows this sequence to player B. Player B then selects another sequence of heads and tails of the same length. Subsequently, a fair coin is tossed until either player A's or player B's sequence appears as a consecutive subsequence of the coin toss outcomes. The player ...

  8. Fair coin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_coin

    In probability theory and statistics, a sequence of independent Bernoulli trials with probability 1/2 of success on each trial is metaphorically called a fair coin. One for which the probability is not 1/2 is called a biased or unfair coin. In theoretical studies, the assumption that a coin is fair is often made by referring to an ideal coin.

  9. Gambler's fallacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambler's_fallacy

    The probability of at least one win does not increase after a series of losses; indeed, the probability of success actually decreases, because there are fewer trials left in which to win. The probability of winning will eventually be equal to the probability of winning a single toss, which is ⁠ 1 / 16 ⁠ (6.25%) and occurs when only one toss ...