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A randomized controlled trial (or randomized control trial; [2] RCT) is a form of scientific experiment used to control factors not under direct experimental control. Examples of RCTs are clinical trials that compare the effects of drugs, surgical techniques, medical devices, diagnostic procedures, diets or other medical treatments. [3] [4]
Platform trials can be a superior design compared to simple 2-arm clinical trials when multiple therapies need investigation, because it only requires a single control group. This means that platform trials can be conducted with fewer enrolled patients than a set of potentially redundant control groups in a series of separate 2-arm trials.
A multicenter research trial is a clinical trial that involves more than one independent medical institutions in enrolling and following trial participants. [1] In multicenter trials the participant institutions follow a common treatment protocol and follow the same data collection guidelines, and there is a single coordinating center that receives, processes and analyzes study data.
An N of 1 trial (N=1) is a multiple crossover clinical trial, conducted in a single patient. [1] A trial in which random allocation is used to determine the order in which an experimental and a control intervention are given to a single patient is an N of 1 randomized controlled trial.
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For example, any multiple testing, either from looking at multiple treatment arms or from looking at a single treatment arm multiple times, must be accounted for. Another example is statistical bias , which can be more likely when using adaptive designs, and again must be accounted for.