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The Richter scale [1] (/ ˈ r ɪ k t ər /), also called the Richter magnitude scale, Richter's magnitude scale, and the Gutenberg–Richter scale, [2] is a measure of the strength of earthquakes, developed by Charles Richter in collaboration with Beno Gutenberg, and presented in Richter's landmark 1935 paper, where he called it the "magnitude scale". [3]
Earthquakes (6.0+ M w) between 1900 and 2017 Earthquakes are caused by movements within the Earth's crust and uppermost mantle.They range from weak events detectable only by seismometers, to sudden and violent events lasting many minutes which have caused some of the greatest disasters in human history.
Most studies have placed it at 9.4–9.6 on the moment magnitude scale, [1] while some studies have placed the magnitude lower than 9.4. [6] [7] This makes it the most powerful earthquake ever recorded. It occurred in the afternoon (19:11:14 GMT, 15:11:14 local time), and lasted 10 minutes.
Second, Richter arbitrarily defined the zero point of the scale to be where an earthquake at a distance of 100 km makes a maximum horizontal displacement of 0.001 millimeters (1 μm, or 0.00004 in.) on a seismogram recorded with a Wood-Anderson torsion seismograph. [14]
2010 Chile earthquake and tsunami – magnitude 8.8 earthquake, ~525 fatalities and unknown number of injuries, none in the United States; 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami – magnitude 9.0 earthquake, 15,850–28,000 fatalities and 6,011 injured, one fatality and unknown number of injuries in the United States
The prediction came from research of the historical records from the area as well as the presumption that since the 1950 Medog earthquake enough slippage has taken place for a large earthquake to occur. [13] In 2015, the Himalayas were hit by a 7.8-magnitude earthquake with an epicenter further west in Nepal.
M L (Musson, 1994) largest instrumentally recorded earthquake to have affected the United Kingdom USGS August 10, 1931: 21:18 Near Fuyun, Xinjiang, China see 1931 Fuyun earthquake: 46.8 89.9 10,000 8.0 M w [33] [34] [35] September 25, 1931: 05:59 UTC Sumatra see 1931 Southwest Sumatra earthquake: −5.18 102.51 7.3 M w USGS June 3, 1932: 10:36
The 2021 Haiti earthquake was the country's largest earthquake in its modern history. The June 2022 Afghanistan earthquake caused severe destruction and many villages were destroyed. The 2022 West Java earthquake killed hundreds and destroyed tens of thousands of houses, despite its moderate magnitude.