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Prior to World War II, most public schools in the country were de jure or de facto segregated. All Southern states had Jim Crow Laws mandating racial segregation of schools. . Northern states and some border states were primarily white (in 1940, the populations of Detroit and Chicago were more than 90% white) and existing black populations were concentrated in urban ghettos partly as the ...
The implementation of school integration policies did not just affect black and white students; in recent years, scholars have noted how the integration of public schools significantly affected Hispanic populations in the south and southwest. Historically, Hispanic-Americans were legally considered white.
Beck, John M. “The Public Schools and the Chicago Newspapers: 1890–1920.” School Review 62#5 1954, pp. 288–95. online; Burbank, Lyman B. “Chicago Public Schools and the Depression Years of 1928–1937.” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 64#4 1971, pp. 365–81. online; Carl, Jim.
Board, leaving fewer and fewer tools in the hands of districts to integrate schools by the early 2000s. The arc of the moral universe, in this case, does not seem to be bending toward justice. “School integration exists as little more than an idea in America right now, a little more than a memory,” said Derek Black, a law professor at the ...
The flag of the state of Illinois bearing the central elements of the seal on a white field was adopted in 1915, and the word Illinois was added to the flag in 1970. In a 2001 survey by the North American Vexillological Association, the flag of Illinois was ranked 49th out of 72 different flags of states and territories, mainly in the US and ...
The flag of Chicago consists of two light blue horizontal bars, or stripes, on a field of white, each bar one-sixth the height of the full flag, and placed slightly less than one-sixth of the way from the top and bottom. Four bright red stars, with six sharp points each, are set side by side, close together, in the middle third of the flag's ...
In zip code 10021, home to Manhattan’s Upper East Side, the average household income is more than $115,000 and the population is 80% white. Public schools have an average math proficiency score ...
Tuttle, William M. Race Riot: Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919 (1970). Weems Jr, Robert E. The Merchant Prince of Black Chicago: Anthony Overton and the Building of a Financial Empire (U of Illinois Press, 2020). West, E. James. A House for the Struggle: The Black Press and the Built Environment in Chicago ( U of Illinois Press, 2022).