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A scanner used to measure bone density using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Bone density, or bone mineral density, is the amount of bone mineral in bone tissue.The concept is of mass of mineral per volume of bone (relating to density in the physics sense), although clinically it is measured by proxy according to optical density per square centimetre of bone surface upon imaging. [1]
Bone densities are often given to patients as a T score or a Z score. A T score tells the patient what their bone mineral density is in comparison to a young adult of the same gender with peak bone mineral density. A normal T score is -1.0 and above, low bone density is between -1.0 and -2.5, and osteoporosis is -2.5 and lower.
The trabecular bone score is a measure of bone texture correlated with bone microarchitecture and a marker for the risk of osteoporosis.Introduced in 2008, [1] its main projected use is alongside measures of bone density in better predicting fracture risk in people with metabolic bone problems.
The trabecular bone has much higher metabolic activity than the cortical bone and so is affected by age, disease and therapy-related changes earlier and to a greater degree than cortical bone. This means that QCT of the spine has an advantage compared to other bone density tests because earlier changes in bone mineral density may be detected . [1]
The BMD is corrected for porosity of the bone, estimated by a texture analysis performed on the cortical part of the bone. [2] [3] Like other technologies for estimating the bone mineral density, the outputs are an areal BMD value, a T-score and a Z-score for assessing osteoporosis and the risk of bone fracture. [4]
The improvement to DXA with DXL is that, for each pixel scanned by DXA, the exact thickness of the measured object is also measured using lasers. The DXL results allow for a more accurate estimation of bone density by using three separate inputs (low and high x-ray energies plus thickness) rather than two for each pixel in the measuring region.
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In educational assessment, T-score is a standard score Z shifted and scaled to have a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. [14] [15] [16] In bone density measurements, the T-score is the standard score of the measurement compared to the population of healthy 30-year-old adults, and has the usual mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1. [17]
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