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Cell damage (also known as cell injury) is a variety of changes of stress that a cell suffers due to external as well as internal environmental changes. Amongst other causes, this can be due to physical, chemical, infectious, biological, nutritional or immunological factors. Cell damage can be reversible or irreversible.
In chemistry, chromism is a process that induces a change, often reversible, in the colors of compounds.In most cases, chromism is based on a change in the electron states of molecules, especially the π- or d-electron state, so this phenomenon is induced by various external stimuli which can alter the electron density of substances.
A and B can react to form C and D or, in the reverse reaction, C and D can react to form A and B. This is distinct from a reversible process in thermodynamics. Weak acids and bases undergo reversible reactions. For example, carbonic acid: H 2 CO 3 (l) + H 2 O (l) ⇌ HCO 3 − (aq) + H 3 O + (aq).
DNA damage is an abnormal chemical structure in DNA, while a mutation is a change in the sequence of base pairs. DNA damages cause changes in the structure of the genetic material and prevents the replication mechanism from functioning and performing properly. [ 1 ]
Necrosis can also result from chemical trauma, with alkaline and acidic compounds causing liquefactive and coagulative necrosis, respectively, in affected tissues. The severity of such cases varies significantly based on multiple factors, including the compound concentration, type of tissue affected, and the extent of chemical exposure.
However, some causes are still unknown or extremely uncommon. Generally, there are two different categories in which a toxic injury may fall into. An injury due to an environmental toxin, or an injury due to chemical exposure. [4] An environmental toxin is one that is found naturally in our surroundings. (For example, molds. Mold spores may be ...
"The postmortem interval (PMI), also called the time since death, is the time during which a human or animal has been deceased and is the time lapse between death and the discovery of the body. After death, the bodies of humans and animals are subject to physical, chemical, and biological changes described as decomposition." [19]
In yeast, about 120 kinases (out of ~6,000 proteins total) cause 8,814 known regulated phosphorylation events, generating about 3,600 phosphoproteins (about 60% of all yeast proteins). [23] [24] Hence, phosphorylation is a universal regulatory mechanism that affects a large portion of proteins. Even if a protein is not phosphorylated itself ...