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The ancient Roman diet included many items that are staples of modern Italian cooking. Pliny the Elder discussed more than 30 varieties of olive , 40 kinds of pear , figs (native and imported from Africa and the eastern provinces), and a wide variety of vegetables .
The Apicius manuscript (ca. 900 CE) of the monastery of Fulda in Germany, which was acquired in 1929 by the New York Academy of Medicine. Apicius, also known as De re culinaria or De re coquinaria (On the Subject of Cooking), is a collection of Roman cookery recipes, which may have been compiled in the fifth century CE, [1] or earlier.
A bread stall, from a Pompeiian wall painting. Most people would have consumed at least 70 percent of their daily calories in the form of cereals and legumes. [1] Grains included several varieties of wheat—emmer, rivet wheat, einkorn, spelt, and common wheat (Triticum aestivum) [2] —as well as the less desirable barley, millet, and oats.
Oxygala – a dairy product in ancient Greece and Rome. [51] It was also consumed by ancient Persians. [52] Papadzules – a common dish in Maya cuisine that may be "one of the most ancient traditional dishes of Yucatán, Mexico. [15] Placenta cake – a layered cake of pastry, cheese and honey originating in ancient Greece and Rome [53] [54]
Roman cuisine is the cooking traditions and practices of the Italian city of Rome. It features fresh, seasonal and simply-prepared ingredients from the Roman Campagna . [ 1 ] These include peas , globe artichokes and fava beans , shellfish, milk-fed lamb and goat , and cheeses such as pecorino romano and ricotta . [ 2 ]
Garum appears in many recipes featured in the Roman cookbook Apicius. For example, Apicius (8.6.2–3) gives a recipe for lamb stew, calling for the meat to be cooked with onion and coriander , pepper, lovage , cumin , liquamen , oil, and wine , then thickened with flour. [ 18 ]
Several recipes were named after Apicius, and probably M. Gavius Apicius is the person intended: A method of cooking cabbage, which is marinated in oil and salt, and uses soda to retain greenness: Pliny, Natural History 19.143. A kind of cake: Chrysippus of Tyana quoted by Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 647c.
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