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While the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) and Finland (from 1919 to 2000) exemplified early semi-presidential systems, the term "semi-presidential" was first introduced in 1959 in an article by the journalist Hubert Beuve-Méry [5] and popularized by a 1978 work written by the political scientist Maurice Duverger. [6]
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Semi-presidential republic: A semi-presidential republic is a government system with power divided between a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government, used in countries like France, Portugal, and Egypt. The president, elected by the people, symbolizes national unity and foreign policy while the prime minister is ...
There are three types of government systems in European politics: in a presidential system, the president is the head of state and the head of government; in a semi-presidential system, the president and the prime minister share a number of competences; finally, in a parliamentary republic, the president is a ceremonial figurehead who has few political competences.
Semi-presidential system: Vladimir Putin: Mikhail Mishustin Somalia: Federal Republic of Somalia Federal member states (6) Parliamentary republic: Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed (acting) Hamza Abdi Barre South Sudan: Republic of South Sudan States (10), administrative areas (2) and area with special administrative status (1) Presidential system
Cohabitation thus only occurs in systems that have both parliamentary government (i.e. ministers accountable to parliament) and a directly elected executive president, i.e., semi-presidential systems. In a true parliamentary system, the head of state, whether president or constitutional monarch, has no significant influence over the government.
Semi-presidential republic: Executive president is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature Assembly-independent republic : Head of government (president or directory) is elected by the legislature, but is not accountable to it
Country Body or office Type of body or office Electoral system Notes Albania: President: Head of state Elected by the Parliament: Parliament: Unicameral legislature Party-list proportional representation: Algeria: President: Head of state Two-round system: Council of the Nation: Upper chamber of legislature Indirectly elected (2/3) Appointed by ...