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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of progressive lung disease characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. [8] GOLD 2024 defined COPD as a heterogeneous lung condition characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms (dyspnea or shortness of breath, cough, sputum production and/or exacerbations) due to abnormalities of the airways (bronchitis ...
The most common cause of COPD is cigarette smoking. COPD is a gradually progressive condition and usually only develops after about 20 pack-years of smoking. COPD may also be caused by breathing in other particles and gases. [citation needed] The diagnosis of COPD is established through spirometry although other pulmonary function tests can be ...
The definition of a COPD exacerbation is commonly described as "lost in translation", [9] meaning that there is no universally accepted standard with regard to defining an acute exacerbation of COPD. Many organizations consider it a priority to create such a standard, as it would be a major step forward in the diagnosis and quality of treatment ...
The Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) is an association for human resource management professionals. Its headquarters are in Wimbledon, London , England. The organisation was founded in 1913—it is the world's oldest association in its field and has over 160,000 members internationally working across private, public and ...
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a respiratory disease that can encompass chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema. 15% of the cases of COPD in the United States can be attributed to occupational exposure, including exposure to silica and coal dust. People who work in mining, construction, manufacturing (specifically textiles, rubber ...
Abbrev. [1]Meaning [1] Latin (or Neo-Latin) origin [1]; a.c. before meals: ante cibum a.d., ad, AD right ear auris dextra a.m., am, AM morning: ante meridiem: nocte ...
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