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There are two forms of plasmodesmata: primary plasmodesmata, which are formed during cell division, and secondary plasmodesmata, which can form between mature cells. [5] Similar structures, called gap junctions [6] and membrane nanotubes, interconnect animal cells [7] and stromules form between plastids in plant cells. [8]
The cell wall is flexible during growth and has small pores called plasmodesmata that allow the exchange of nutrients and hormones between cells. [2] Many types of plant cells contain a large central vacuole, a water-filled volume enclosed by a membrane known as the tonoplast [3] that maintains the cell's turgor, controls movement of molecules ...
The symplast of a plant is the region enclosed by the cell membranes, within which water and solutes can diffuse freely. By contrast the apoplast is any fluid-filled space within the cell wall and extracellular space. [1] Neighbouring cells are interconnected by microscopic channels known as plasmodesmata that traverse the cell walls. These ...
The cell plate will transform into the new cell wall once cytokinesis is complete. The phragmoplast is a plant cell specific structure that forms during late cytokinesis . It serves as a scaffold for cell plate assembly and subsequent formation of a new cell wall separating the two daughter cells.
A desmotubule is an endomembrane derived structure of the plasmodesmata that connects the endoplasmic reticulum of two adjacent plant cells. [1] [2] The desmotubule is not actually a tubule but a compact, cylindrical segment of the ER that is found within the larger tubule structure of the plasmodesmata pore. [3]
Plant cells usually have thick cell walls which need to be crossed if neighboring cells are to communicate directly. Plasmodesmata form a pipe through the cell wall forming an ICC. The pipe has another smaller membranous pipe concentric to it connecting the endoplasmic reticulum of the two cells via a tube called the desmotubule .
The cell plate that is formed during cell division itself develops into middle lamella or lamellum. The middle lamella is made up of calcium and magnesium pectates. [2] In a mature plant cell it is the outermost layer of cell wall. [3] [4] In plants, the pectins form a unified and continuous layer between adjacent cells.
Callose is a plant polysaccharide. Its production is due to the glucan synthase-like gene (GLS) in various places within a plant. It is produced to act as a temporary cell wall in response to stimuli such as stress or damage. [1] Callose is composed of glucose residues linked together through β-1,3-linkages, and is termed a β-glucan.