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Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its fruit (the peppercorn), which is usually dried and used as a spice and seasoning. The fruit is a drupe (stonefruit) which is about 5 mm (0.20 in) in diameter (fresh and fully mature), dark red, and contains a stone which encloses a single pepper seed.
The amount of piperine varies from 1–2% in long pepper, to 5–10% in commercial white and black peppers. [6] [7] Piperine can also be prepared by treating the solvent-free residue from a concentrated alcoholic extract of black pepper with a solution of potassium hydroxide to remove resin (said to contain chavicine, an isomer of piperine). [7]
Piperidine itself has been obtained from black pepper, [14] [15] from Psilocaulon absimile , [16] and in Petrosimonia monandra. [17] The piperidine structural motif is present in numerous natural alkaloids. These include piperine, which gives black pepper its spicy taste. This gave the compound its name.
The Piperaceae (/ ˌ p ɪ p ə ˈ r eɪ ʃ iː /), also known as the pepper family, are a large family of flowering plants. The group contains roughly 3,600 currently accepted species in five genera. The group contains roughly 3,600 currently accepted species in five genera.
Sabinene is one of the chemical compounds that contributes to the spiciness of black pepper and is a major constituent of carrot seed oil. It also occurs in tea tree oil at a low concentration. It is also present in the essential oil obtained from nutmeg, [3] Laurus nobilis, and Clausena anisata.
Diseases of Black Pepper: 1991 3: Biological control in Spices: 1996 4: Protocols for Micro propagation of Spices and Aromatic crops [15] 1996 5: Bio diversity conservation and utilisation of Spices Medicinal and Aromatic Plants [16] 1999 6: Varieties of Spices: 2001 7: Bush Pepper, White Pepper, Rapid Multiplication of Black Pepper, Storage of ...
However, in central Spain, the great bustard may act as a seed disperser of European black nightshade (Solanum nigrum). [13] Black nightshade is highly variable, and some advise to avoid eating the berries unless they are a known edible strain. [14] The toxin levels may also be affected by the plant's growing conditions. [4]
Caryophyllene can be produced synthetically, [4] but it is invariably obtained from natural sources because it is widespread. It is a constituent of many essential oils, especially clove oil, the oil from the stems and flowers of Syzygium aromaticum (cloves), the essential oil of Cannabis sativa, copaiba, rosemary, and hops. [3]