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The sporophyte produces spores (hence the name) by meiosis, a process also known as "reduction division" that reduces the number of chromosomes in each spore mother cell by half. The resulting meiospores develop into a gametophyte. Both the spores and the resulting gametophyte are haploid, meaning they only have one set of chromosomes.
Sori occur on the sporophyte generation, the sporangia within producing haploid meiospores. As the sporangia mature, the indusium shrivels so that spore release is unimpeded. The sporangia then burst and release the spores.
In Common Smoothcap moss (Atrichum undulatum), the vibration of sporophyte has been shown to be an important mechanism for spore release. [15] In the case of spore-shedding vascular plants such as ferns, wind distribution of very light spores provides great capacity for dispersal. Also, spores are less subject to animal predation than seeds ...
The resulting multicellular diploid sporophyte produces spore capsules called sporangia. The spores are produced by meiosis , and when ripe, the capsules burst open to release the spores. In some species each gametophyte is one sex while other species may be monoicous , producing both antheridia and archegonia on the same gametophyte which is ...
The calyptra is usually lost before the spores are released from the capsule. The shape of the calyptra can be used for identification purposes. [7] The sporangium of mosses usually opens when its operculum or "lid" falls off, exposing a ring of teeth that control the release of spores. [8]
The fertilised ovum develops into a small sporophyte plant which remains attached to the larger gametophyte plant. The sporophyte contains spores inside a capsule which are released when the capsule becomes mature and splits. The spores germinate to produce new gametophytes. [5]
Most spores germinate by first producing a germ-rhizoid or holdfast followed by a germ tube emerging from the opposite end. The germ tube develops into the hypha, protonema or thallus of the gametophyte. In seedless vascular plants such as ferns and lycopodiophyta, the term "sporeling" refers to the young sporophyte growing on
The sporophyte develops a long stalk ending in an elongated spore capsule. The capsule contains a central columella over and around which the spores are produced. When the sporophyte is mature, the capsule ruptures along a single spiral slit to release the spores.