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Dexamethasone – a synthetic glucocorticoid binds more powerfully to the glucocorticoid receptor than cortisol does. Dexamethasone is based on the cortisol structure but differs at three positions (extra double bond in the A-ring between carbons 1 and 2 and addition of a 9-α-fluoro group and a 16-α-methyl substituent).
Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (20,22-desmolase) – steroid synthesis; 17,20-Lyase (17,20-desmolase) – androgen synthesis; Steroid hydroxylases. 11β-Hydroxylase – corticosteroid synthesis; 17α-Hydroxylase – androgen and glucocorticoid synthesis; 18-Hydroxylase (aldosterone synthase) – mineralocorticoid synthesis
Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates, as well as the synthetic analogues of these hormones.Two main classes of corticosteroids, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including stress response, immune response, and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate metabolism ...
Synthetic glucocorticoids are similar to endogenous steroids in metabolism but differ in affinity for glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors, affinity for protein-binding, rate of elimination, and metabolic products. [4] Oral methylprednisolone is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract with a bioavailability of 89.9%. [38]
The main mechanism of glucocorticoids' anti-inflammatory effects is to increase the synthesis and function of annexin A1. [8] Annexin A1 both suppresses phospholipase A2 , thereby blocking eicosanoid production, and inhibits various leukocyte inflammatory events ( epithelial adhesion , emigration , chemotaxis , phagocytosis , respiratory burst ...
Glucocorticoids are produced mainly in the zona fasciculata. [9] Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that are necessary for life. [16] They play a role in numerous physiological responses including; metabolism, immune response, mood, cognitive functions, cardiovascular function, and reproduction. [17]
The zona fasciculata chiefly produces glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol in humans), which regulate the metabolism of glucose. Glucocorticoid production is stimulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), [ 1 ] which is released from the anterior pituitary , especially in times of stress as part of the fight-or-flight response .
The glucocorticoid activity of progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone is very weak (>100-fold less than that of cortisol). [1] The above list includes precursors and intermediates in corticosteroid biosynthesis.