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The next stage of muon g − 2 research was conducted at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) Alternating Gradient Synchrotron; the experiment was known as (BNL) Muon E821 experiment, [17] but it has also been called "muon experiment at BNL" or "(muon) g − 2 at BNL" etc. [7] Brookhaven's Muon g − 2 experiment was constructed from 1989 to 1996 and collected data from 1997 to 2001.
The bottom quark, beauty quark, or b quark, is an elementary particle of the third generation.It is a heavy quark with a charge of − 1 / 3 e.. All quarks are described in a similar way by electroweak interaction and quantum chromodynamics, but the bottom quark has exceptionally low rates of transition to lower-mass quarks.
The spin magnetic moment of a charged, spin-1/2 particle that does not possess any internal structure (a Dirac particle) is given by [1] =, where μ is the spin magnetic moment of the particle, g is the g-factor of the particle, e is the elementary charge, m is the mass of the particle, and S is the spin angular momentum of the particle (with magnitude ħ/2 for Dirac particles).
The E821 Experiment reported the following average value [8] = (). In 2024, the Fermilab collaboration "Muon g−2" doubled the accuracy of this value over the group’s previous measurements from the 2018 data set. The data for the experiment were collected during the 2019–2020 runs.
Like the North Magnetic Pole, the North Geomagnetic Pole attracts the north pole of a bar magnet and so is in a physical sense actually a magnetic south pole. It is the center of the 'open' magnetic field lines which connect to the interplanetary magnetic field and provide a direct route for the solar wind to reach the ionosphere.
This singularity is the Landau pole with a negative residue, g(Λ) ≈ −Λ Landau / (β 2 (Λ − Λ Landau)).. In fact, however, the growth of g 0 invalidates Eqs. 1, 2 in the region g 0 ≈ 1, since these were obtained for g 0 ≪ 1, so that the nonperturbative existence of the Landau pole becomes questionable.
[1] [2] The acceleration of a body near the surface of the Earth is due to the combined effects of gravity and centrifugal acceleration from the rotation of the Earth (but the latter is small enough to be negligible for most purposes); the total (the apparent gravity) is about 0.5% greater at the poles than at the Equator. [3] [4]
The first experiment that strived to respect this condition was Aspect's 1982 experiment. [15] In it the settings were changed fast enough, but deterministically. The first experiment to change the settings randomly, with the choices made by a quantum random number generator, was Weihs et al.'s 1998 experiment. [18]