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A common market is seen as a stage of economic integration towards an economic union [8] or possibly towards the goal of a unified market.. A single market is a type of trade bloc in which most trade barriers have been removed (for goods) with some common policies on product regulation, and freedom of movement of the factors of production (capital and labour) and of enterprise and services.
The Economic Development of France and Germany: 1815-1914 (1921) online, a famous classic, filled with details. Clark, Christopher. Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600-1947 (2006) Curi, Luiz Felipe Bruzzi, and Ian Coelho de Souza Almeida. "Beyond the Sonderweg: defining political economy in 19th-century Germany."
Germany is a pioneer research centre for nanotechnology and materials engineering. [153] Germany's achievements in sciences have been significant, and research and development efforts form an integral part of the economy. [154] Germany is also one of the leading countries in developing and using green technologies.
But economic weakness in France and Germany could have broader implications for the European Union. ... But moving ahead without Germany, the bloc's biggest member, is hard to imagine.
This is a ranked list of the ten largest trading partners of Germany in 2019, based on data from the Federal Statistical Office of Germany (Destatis). [1] In 2016, China became Germany's largest trading partner and has retained that spot for the years since then (2016, 2017, 2018, 2019).
The economy of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany; GDR, DDR) was a command economy following the model of the Soviet Union based on the principles of Marxism-Leninism. Sharing many characteristics with fellow COMECON member states — the East German economy stood in stark contrast to the market and mixed economies of Western Europe ...
The merging of the former GDR Eastern States, also known as the New Länder, with West Germany's market produced significant economic pressure on the German welfare state [1] Germany's conservative model welfare state was sustainable under the economic conditions of pre-unification but had trouble accommodating the increased costs associated with the integration of infrastructure, migration ...
The German economic crisis is a significant downturn of Germany's economy that marked a dramatic reversal of its previous "labour market miracle" period of 2005–2019. The country, which had been considered to be Europe's economic powerhouse in prior decades, became the worst-performing major economy globally in 2023 with a 0.3% contraction, followed by minimal growth in 2024 leaning on ...