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Memory errors can also depend on the method of encoding used when initially experiencing or learning information, known as transfer-appropriate processing. [36] Encoding processes can occur at three levels: visual form (the letters that make up a word), phonology (the sound of a word), and semantics (the meaning of the word or sentence).
The effect of retroactive interference takes place when any type of skill has not been rehearsed over long periods. [1] Of the two effects of interference theory, retroactive interference is considered the more common and more problematic type of interference compared to proactive interference. [1]
Instead, classical interference theory dominated memory research until as late as 1960. [5] By the early 1970s, however, classical interference theory began to decline due to its reliance on associationism , [ 8 ] its inability to explain the facts of interference or how interference applies to everyday life, and to newly published reports on ...
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The book revolves around the theory that "the seven sins of memory" are similar to the seven deadly sins, and that if one tries to avoid committing these sins, it will help to improve one's ability to remember. Schacter argues that these features of human memory are not necessarily bad, and that they serve a useful purpose in memory.
This theory identifies two major contributors to forgetting: retroactive inhibition and change in context between learning and recall, and influenced how forgetting is understood today. [26] More specifically, McGeoch's work set the stage for the Two-factor Theory of Interference .
He applied interference to memory theory, researching retrieval, memory set size, and working memory. [7] Wickens also investigated semantic memory, testing new proposed dimensions for semantic space and working off of some of his earlier work. [8] His articles and ideas still inform many psychologists who investigate interference.
Spontaneous recovery as it pertains to human memory can be traced back to the work of George Edward Briggs, who was concerned with the concept of retroactive interference. Inhibition, or interference, is a function of competition among responses, whereby a resultant memory has dominance over another.