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  2. Fick's laws of diffusion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fick's_laws_of_diffusion

    Under an idealized reaction condition for A + B → product in a diluted solution, Smoluchovski suggested that the molecular flux at the infinite time limit can be calculated from Fick's laws of diffusion yielding a fixed/stable concentration gradient from the target molecule, e.g. B is the target molecule holding fixed relatively, and A is the ...

  3. Electrochemical gradient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemical_gradient

    An electrochemical gradient is a gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane. The gradient consists of two parts: The chemical gradient, or difference in solute concentration across a membrane. The electrical gradient, or difference in charge across a membrane.

  4. Molecular diffusion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_diffusion

    Chemical diffusion occurs in a presence of concentration (or chemical potential) gradient and it results in net transport of mass. This is the process described by the diffusion equation. This is the process described by the diffusion equation.

  5. Chemiosmosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemiosmosis

    An ion gradient has potential energy and can be used to power chemical reactions when the ions pass through a channel (red). Hydrogen ions, or protons, will diffuse from a region of high proton concentration to a region of lower proton concentration, and an electrochemical concentration gradient of protons across a membrane can be harnessed to ...

  6. Diffusion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion

    A gradient is the change in the value of a quantity; for example, concentration, pressure, or temperature with the change in another variable, usually distance. A change in concentration over a distance is called a concentration gradient , a change in pressure over a distance is called a pressure gradient , and a change in temperature over a ...

  7. Active transport - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_transport

    An example of primary active transport using redox energy is the mitochondrial electron transport chain that uses the reduction energy of NADH to move protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane against their concentration gradient. An example of primary active transport using light energy are the proteins involved in photosynthesis that ...

  8. Ion transporter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_transporter

    An electrochemical gradient or concentration gradient is a difference in concentration of a chemical molecule or ion in two separate areas. [6] At equilibrium the concentrations of the ion in both areas will be equal, so if there is a difference in concentration the ions will seek to flow "down" the concentration gradient or from a high ...

  9. Diffusiophoresis and diffusioosmosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusiophoresis_and_diff...

    For example, concentration gradients in ethanol solutions in water move 1 μm diameter colloidal particles with diffusiophoretic velocities of order 0.1 to 1 μm/s, the movement is towards regions of the solution with lower ethanol concentration (and so higher water concentration). [6]