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The Scramble for Africa [a] was the conquest and colonisation of most of Africa by seven Western European powers driven by the Second Industrial Revolution during the era of "New Imperialism" (1833–1914): Belgium, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Portugal and Spain. In 1870, 10% of the continent was formally under European control.
In the early historical period, colonies were founded in North Africa by migrants from Europe and Western Asia, particularly Greeks and Phoenecians. Under Egypt 's Pharaoh Amasis (570–526 BC) a Greek mercantile colony was established at Naucratis , some 50 miles from the later Alexandria. [ 2 ]
The African theatre of the First World War comprises campaigns in North Africa instigated by the German and Ottoman empires, local rebellions against European colonial rule and Allied campaigns against the German colonies of Kamerun, Togoland, German South West Africa, and German East Africa.
The six principal colonies of German Africa, along with native kingdoms and polities, were the legal precedents of the modern states of Burundi, Cameroon, Namibia, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Togo. Chad , Gabon , Ghana , Kenya , Uganda , Mozambique , Angola , Nigeria , Central African Republic and Republic of the Congo were also under the control of ...
European officials staking claims to Africa in the Berlin Conference, 1884. Otto von Bismarck disliked the idea of an overseas empire but supported France's colonization in Africa because it diverted the French government, attention, and resources away from Continental Europe and revanchism after 1870.
European territories in Africa, 1914, following the Scramble for Africa. Satirical drawing: "The modern civilization of Europeː France in Morocco & England in Egypt", A.H. Zaki, 1908-1914. Africa was the target of the third wave of European colonialism, after that of the Americas and Asia. [54]
The experience of Kenya is representative of the colonization process in East Africa. By 1850 European explorers had begun mapping the interior. Three developments encouraged European interest in East Africa. First was the emergence of the island of Zanzibar, located off the east coast. It became a base from which trade and exploration of the ...
The European colonial campaigns in Africa were generally conducted by European forces with support from native troops. [1] While European soldiers were generally more reliable, they were susceptible to diseases in tropical climates that local Africans had adjusted to, making it more optimal (less money had to be spent on medical treatment) for ...